SIR 


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JOSEPH  ADDISON 

From  an  old  print 


THE 

SIR   ROGER   DE  COVERLEY 
PAPERS 

FROM  "THE  SPECTATOR" 


EDITED 
WITH  INTRODUCTION  AND  NOTES 


MARY   E.  LITCHFIELD 


GINN  &  COMPANY 

BOSTON  •  NEW  YORK  •  CHICAGO  •  LONDON 


COPYRIGHT,  1899 
BY  MARY  E.  LITCHFIELD 


ALL    RIGHTS    RESERVED 

66.10 


atJjtnjeutn 


PREFACE. 


SIR  ROGER  DE  COVERLEY  is  not  a  hero  of  romance  ;  he  is, 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  an  actual  country  gentleman  who 
lived  in  England  in  the  days  of  Queen  Anne ;  and  the  Intro- 
duction and  Notes  in  this  volume  are  intended  to  help  the 
reader  go  back  in  imagination  to  the  early  years  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  The  Spectator  has  been  considered  in 
its  relation  to  contemporary  movements  in  literature  and 
politics,  since  it  is  in  a  peculiar  sense  the  product  of  the  age 
in  which  it  was  written.  It  is  hoped  that  the  student  may 
find  in  the  English  of  the  essays,  with  its  few  old  forms,  an 
easy  and  pleasant  introduction  to  the  more  difficult  language 
of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries. 

The  text  as  revised  by  the  authors  has  been  followed, 
except  in  the  matter  of  spelling  and  punctuation.  Everything 
relating  to  Sir  Roger  that  might  properly  be  included  has 
been  given,  even  to  brief  notices  in  articles  dealing  with 
outside  matters.  These  chance  allusions  help  to  make  the 
hero  a  living  character.  Henry  Morley's  edition  of  the 
Spectator  and  the  two  recent  editions  by  George  A.  Aitken 
and  by  G.  Gregory  Smith  have  been  frequently  consulted. 
Many  of  the  other  books  used  are  referred  to  in  the  Notes 
and  the  Suggestions.  The  fi*ft*CJJi«3O6ary  information 


iv  PREFACE. 

in  regard  to  persons,  events,  and  customs.  Occasionally  old 
or  peculiar  forms  in  language  are  commented  on,  but  in 
general  a  note  is  inserted  only  in  cases  where  the  meaning 
is  not  clear.  The  translations  of  the  mottoes  have  been 
furnished  in  most  instances  by  Miss  Mary  H.  Buckingham, 
and  valuable  help  in  the  way  of  criticism  has  been  given 
by  others. 

BOSTON,  December,  1898. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION:  PAGE 

I.    POLITICAL  CONDITIONS ix 

II.    SOCIAL  CONDITIONS   RESULTING  FROM   POLIT- 
ICAL EVENTS  ........         xi 

III.  THE  WRITERS  OF  THE  SIR  ROGER  DE  COVER- 

LET PAPERS: 

ADDISON xii 

STEELE      .  xvi 

BUDGELL xir 

IV.  JOURNALISM  AND  PARTY  LITERATURE       .        .        xx 
V.    THE  TATLER  AND  SPECTATOR  AND  THEIR  PREDE- 
CESSORS   xxi 

VI.    THE  PUBLIC  TO  WHICH  THE  SPECTATOR  AP- 
PEALED   xxiii 

VII.    ADDISON   AND  STEELE   AS  WRITERS   OF   THE 

SPECTATOR xxv 

VIII.    CHARACTERISTICS  OF   QUEEN    ANNE  LITERA- 
TURE       xxv 

IX.    LITERARY  QUALITIES  OF  THE  SIR  ROGER  DE 

COVERLEY  PAPERS xxvi 

X.    THE  SPECTATOR  IN  ITS  RELATION  TO  ENGLISH 

LIFE  AND  ENGLISH  LITERATURE  xxvii 


vi  CONTENTS. 

PAGK 

CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE xxviii 

SUGGESTIONS  FOR  STUDENTS xxxv 

THE    SIR   ROGER   DE   COVERLEY    PAPERS: 
J 

I.    THE  SPECTATOR'S  ACCOUNT  OF  HIMSELF.  —  Addi- 

son      .........  i 

"*    II.  SIR  ROGER  AND  THE  CLUB.  —  Steele     ...  5 

III.  SIR  ROGER  MORALIZES.  —  Steele     .        .        .        .11 

A   IV.    A  CLUB  DEBATE.  —  Addison 16 

V.  SIR  ROGER'S  CLIENT.  —  Addison    ....  20 

~^VI.  THE  SPECTATOR  AT  COVERLEY  HALL.  —  Addison  24 

VII.  THE  COVERLEY  HOUSEHOLD.  —  Steele       ~    .        .28 

VIII.     WILL  WIMBLE.  —  Addison 32 

^  IX.  SIR  ROGER'S  ANCESTORS.  —  Steele  .        ...  36 

X.  COVERLEY  GHOSTS.  —  Addison       ....  40 

XI.  A  COUNTRY  SUNDAY.  —  Addison   ....  44 

^  XII.  SIR  ROGER  IN  LOVE.  —  Steele        .    -  .       .        .  48 

XIII.  THE  SHAME  OF  POVERTY  AND  THE  DREAD  OF 

\T.  — Steele 53 

XIV.  LABOR  AND  EXERCISE. — Addison.        ...  57 
XV.  SIR  ROGER  GOES  A-HUNTING.  —  Budgell      .        .  61 

^XVI.  A  VILLAGE  WITCH.  —  Addison      ....  67 

-^XVII.  SIR    ROGER'S  REFLECTIONS  ON  THE  WIDOW.— 

Steele 71 

XVIII.    RURAL  MANNERS.  —  Addison 75 

XIX.  SIR  ROGER  AT  THE  ASSIZES.  —  Addison        .        .  79 

XX.  THE  EDUCATION  OF  AN  HEIR.  —  Addison     .        .  83 

XXI.  MISCHIEFS  OF  PARTY  SPIRIT.  —  Addison       .        .  89 


CONTENTS.  vii 

PACK 

XXII.    MISCHIEFS    OF    PARTY    SPIRIT     (Continued).  — 

Addison 93 

XXIII.  GYPSIES  AT  COVERLEY.—  Addison         ...      97 

XXIV.  THE    SPECTATOR    LOOKS    TOWARD    LONDON.— 

Addison 101 

XXV.    To  LONDON  BY  STAGE-COACH.  —  Suele        .        .    104 

XXVI.    SIR  ANDREW  ARGUES  WITH  SIR  ROGER.  —  Steele    108 

XXVII.    SIR  ROGER  IN  LONDON.  —  Addison       .        .        .     113 

XXVIII.    SIR  ROGER  IN  WESTMINSTER  ABBEY.  —  Addison    119 

^  XXIX.    SIR  ROGER  AT  THE  PLAY.  —  Addison    .        .        .123 

OXXX.    WILL  HONEYCOMB  DISCOURSES.  —  Budgell  .       .    127 

"XXXI.    SIR  ROGER  AT  VAUXHALL.  —  Addison  .        .        -131 

XXXII.    DEATH  OF  SIR  ROGER.  —  Addison        .       .       .134 

XXXIII.    A  NEW  MASTER  AT  COVERLEY  HALL.  —  Steele    .     138 

NOTES 143 


INTRODUCTION. 


INTERESTING  as  they  are  in  themselves,  the  Sir  Roger  de 
Coverley  Papers  must  as  a  literary  production  be  regarded  as 
a  part  of  the  Spectator,  the  periodical  in  which  they  first 
appeared ;  so  that  in  trying  to  form  a  just  estimate  of  these 
essays,  we  must  ask  what  the  Spectator  was,  who  were  its 
authors,  and  under  what  conditions,  political  and  social,  it 
was  produced. 

I.     POLITICAL  CONDITIONS. 

The  first  number  of  the  Spectator  was  given  to  the  world 
in  March,  1711;  but  before  considering  the  period  in  which 
this  date  occurs  —  the  reign  of  Queen  Anne  —  it  may  be 
well  to  review  hastily  the  chief  political  events  of  the  fifty 
years  preceding.  These  events,  whatever  their  special  char- 
acter, serve  but  to  mark  the  stages  in  one  great  movement 
—  the  struggle  between  the  two  political  systems,  govern- 
ment by  constitutional  methods,  and  government  by  an 
absolute  monarch. 

Fifty  years  takes  us  back  to  the  Restoration  in  England, 
and  to  the  early  portion  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  in  France. 
For  the  next  quarter  of  a  century  and  more,  the  English  peo- 
ple were  jealously  guarding  their  liberties  against  the  en- 
croachments of  their  sovereign.  Charles  II.  attempted  to 
govern  according  to  his  own  will,  without  the  interference 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

of  Parliament ;  and  after  his  death  in  1685,  his  brother, 
James  II.,  pursued  a  policy  still  more  despotic. 

Meanwhile,  on  the  Continent,  the  prospect  was  dark  for 
the  cause  of  constitutional  government.  France  under  her 
able  ruler  was  becoming  so  powerful  that  she  seemed  likely 
to  make  herself  mistress  of  a  large  part  of  Europe.  Her 
aggressions  finally  aroused  the  neighboring  states  :  alliances 
were  formed  against  her,  and  a  champion  was  found  in  the 
person  of  William  Henry  of  Nassau,  Prince  of  Orange.  As 
leader  of  the  allied  powers  the  prince  waged  a  long  and 
on  the  whole  a  successful  struggle  against  Louis  XIV.,  the 
representative  of  absolute  monarchy. 

Before  James  II.  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England, 
William  of  Orange  had  married  his  daughter  Mary ;  and 
after  James  had  been  reigning  for  three  years,  his  subjects, 
goaded  beyond  endurance  by  his  acts  of  tyranny,  asked 
William  to  come  over  from  Holland  with  an  army  and  defend 
their  liberties. 

The  people  as  a  whole  realized  the  necessity  of  this  step  , 
they  knew  that  the  measure  had  been  resorted  to  only  be- 
cause all  other  expedients  had  failed;  and  yet,  the  senti- 
ment of  loyalty  to  the  legitimate  sovereign  was  so  deeply 
rooted  in  their  hearts,  that  comparatively  few  of  them  were 
genuinely  glad  when  the  prince  and  his  wife  were  crowned 
as  William  III.  and  Mary.  As  time  went  on,  they  wearied 
of  the  long  wars  which  their  sovereign  waged  against  Louis, 
and  felt  that  he  was  wasting  the  substance  of  England  for 
the  benefit  of  foreign  powers.  Consequently  the  average 
Englishman,  especially  if  he  were  a  Tory,  breathed  a  sigh 
of  relief  when  in  1702  William  died,  and  Anne,  an  English 
princess  and  a  firm  upholder  of  the  national  church,  ascended 
the  throne. 

With  the  accession  of  Anne  came  the  supremacy  of  Marl- 
borough,  and  the  continuation  under  his  leadership  of  the 


INTRODUCTION.  « 

struggle  against  France  ;  but  before  the  Spectator  had  finished 
its  first  year,  the  great  general  and  the  able  but  unscrupulous 
statesman  was  deprived  of  all  his  offices,  and  the  control  of 
English  affairs  passed  into  other  hands. 

II.     SOCIAL  CONDITIONS  RESULTING   FROM  POLITICAL 
EVENTS. 

It  was  not  strange  that  persons  living  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  seventeenth  and  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury failed  to  detect  in  these  movements  going  on  about 
them  the  forces  that  were  making  for  freedom  and  civiliza- 
tion. The  Revolution  of  1688  was  the  result  of  currents  and 
counter  currents  of  popular  feeling.  A  great  system  of  con- 
stitutional government  was  being  worked  out  under  William 
and  Mary,  and  their  successor,  Anne ;  but  in  general  the 
process  took  the  form  of  a  scramble  for  power  on  the  part 
of  politicians,  few  of  whom  seemed  actuated  by  noble  and 
disinterested  motives. 

Strife,  animosity,  bitter  party  feeling, — these  character- 
ized the  period  in  which  the  Spectator  saw  the  light. 
Repressive  legislation  no  longer  checked  free  discussion, 
and  free  discussion  meant  active  intellectual  life,  the  exer- 
cise of  the  critical  faculties,  and  in  many  instances,  slander 
and  scurrilous  abuse.  The  Tories  attacked  the  Whigs ;  the 
adherents  of  the  Established  Church,  the  Dissenters ;  the 
moderate  Tories,  the  Nonjurors ;  and  all  united  against 
the  Catholics. 

The  Tories  believed  in  the  divine  right  of  kings  and  in 
the  supremacy  of  the  Established  Church ;  the  Whigs  stood 
in  the  main  for  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  advocated  tol- 
eration toward  Dissenters.  The  country  gentry  were,  almost 
to  a  man,  Tories ;  the  city  men,  —  merchants,  tradesmen, 
and  professional  men, — were  Whigs;  the  great  nobles  were 


Xll  INTRODUCTION. 

divided  between  the  two  parties.  The  clergy  of  the  Estab- 
lished Church  belonged  as  a  matter  of  course  to  the  Tory 
party,  which  was  often  called  the  Church  party,  while  the 
Dissenters  and  their  ministers  were  Whigs.  The  Church  of 
England  man  had  not  yet  forgotten  the  hateful  years  of  Puri- 
tan supremacy,  and  the  Dissenter  recalled  with  bitterness 
the  acts  of  retaliation  and  the  return  to  license  that  charac- 
terized the  reigns  of  the  later  Stuarts.  Nothing  but  the 
sense  of  a  common  peril  could  overcome  these  long-cher- 
ished animosities;  and  as  Anne's  reign  was  drawing  to  a 
close,  all  who  believed  in  government  by  constitutional 
methods  saw  danger  in  the  fact  that  a  Stuart  might  again 
rule  over  England  —  for  the  legitimate  heir  to  the  throne 
was  James  Stuart,  the  son  of  James  II. 

Religious  and  political  divisions  meant,  of  course,  social 
divisions ;  and  it  is  necessary  to  lay  particular  stress  upon 
this  state  of  affairs,  because  the  important  work  accomplished 
by  the  writers  of  the  Spectator  was  owing  in  great  part  to 
these  peculiar  conditions. 


III.    THE  WRITERS   OF  THE   SIR   ROGER  DE  COVERLEY 
PAPERS. 

Nothing  better  illustrates  the  life  of  the  literary  men  of 
Queen  Anne's  reign  than  a  brief  sketch  of  the  writers  of 
the  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  Papers:  Joseph  Addison,  Richard 
Steele,  and  Eustace  Budgell.1 

ADDISON. 

Few  English  writers  have  been  so  fortunate  in  their  nat- 
ural gifts  and  in  the  circumstances  and  events  of  their  lives 
as  Joseph  Addison.  He  was  born  in  his  father's  rectory  at 

1  Tickell  has  not  been  included,  since  his  paper  relating  to  Sir  Roger 
(No.  410)  has  been  necessarily  omitted. 


INTRODUCTION.  xiii 

Milston,  near  Amesbury,  Wilts,  on  the  first  day  of  May, 
1672.  Steele,  who  as  a  schoolmate  of  Addison's  was  a  wel- 
come guest  in  the  quiet  home,  says  of  the  rector  (then  Dean 
of  Lichfield)  :  "  His  method  was  to  make  it  the  only  preten- 
sion in  his  children  to  his  favor,  to  be  kind  to  each  other. 
It  was  an  unspeakable  pleasure  to  visit  or  sit  at  a  meal  in 
that  family."  The  two  boys  first  met  at  the  Charterhouse 
School  in  London,  and  there  began  the  friendship  that  was 
to  lead  in  later  years  to  such  important  results. 

At  the  age  of  fifteen  Addison  entered  Oxford,  where, 
beside  his  degree,  he  gained  a  probationary  fellowship,  and 
afterwards  a  fellowship.  His  Latin  poems  and  his  knowl- 
edge of  Latin  literature  gave  him  a  reputation  for  classical 
learning  that  extended  to  the  literary  circles  of  London,  and 
brought  him  into  connection  with  Dryden,  an  old  man,  but 
still  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  literary  set. 

While  connected  with  the  university  he  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  certain  political  leaders.  A  poetical  address  entitled 
A  Poem  to  His  Majesty,  composed  in  1695,  and  a  Latin  poem 
on  the  Peace  of  Ryswick,  written  two  years  later,  gave  evi- 
dence that  the  author  might  be  useful  to  the  party  then  in 
power  —  the  Whigs.  In  order  that  he  might  fit  himself  for 
diplomatic  employments  by  foreign  travel,  Charles  Montague 
—  afterwards  Earl  of  Halifax  —  obtained  for  him,  through 
Somers,  the  Lord-keeper,  a  pension  of  £300  a  year ;  and 
in  1699  he  left  England,  not  to  return  until  1703.  Steele 
affirms  that  his  friend,  when  a  young  man,  had  some  idea  of 
entering  the  Church,  and  that  his  change  of  purpose  was  due 
to  the  influence  of  Montague. 

Addison,  on  account  of  his  keen  powers  of  observation  and 
his  genuine  interest  in  human  nature,  was  well  fitted  to  bene- 
fit by  foreign  travel.  During  his  stay  on  the  continent  he 
visited  most  of  the  countries  of  Western  Europe,  an  intel- 
ligent observer  of  social  and  political  institutions  and  a 


xiv  INTRODUCTION. 

devoted  student  of  literature.  His  intellect  was  quickened 
by  intercourse  with  able  and  cultivated  men,  among  whom 
may  probably  be  included  the  famous  French  writers,  Male- 
branche  and  Boileau. 

Unfortunately  the  Whigs  were  out  of  office  when  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  for  a  year  he  was  given  no  position. 
However,  his  personal  charm  and  his  literary  abilities  were 
constantly  gaining  him  new  friends,  and  it  was  at  this  time 
that  he  became  a  member  of  the  famous  Kit-Cat  Club,  to 
which  all  the  great  Whigs  belonged.  Steele  was  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  club,  and  his  intimacy  with  his  former  compan- 
ion was  now  renewed. 

Addison's  active  political  life  began  in  1706,  when,  as  a 
reward  for  his  poem,  The  Campaign,  written  to  celebrate  the 
battle  of  Blenheim,  he  was  made  an  undersecretary  of  state. 
When  he  entered  upon  his  new  duties  he  was  thirty-four  years 
old,  and  from  this  time  until  a  few  weeks  before  his  death, 
he  was  an  influence  for  good  in  the  affairs  of  the  nation. 

On  losing  his  first  position  he  was  appointed,  in  1708, 
secretary  to  Wharton,  the  Lord-Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 
was  also  made  keeper  of  the  records  in  Birmingham  Tower, 
Dublin.  In  the  meantime  he  had  accompanied  Halifax  on 
a  complimentary  mission,  to  invest  the  Elector  of  Hanover 
with  the  order  of  the  Garter.  At  the  age  of  thirty-six  he 
entered  Parliament,  and  remained  a  member  during  the  rest 
of  his  life,  though  on  account  of  diffidence  he  made  no 
speeches.  Swift  remarked,  when  speaking  of  his  reelection 
in  1710,  —  "If  he  had  a  mind  to  be  chosen  king,  he  would 
hardly  be  refused." 

With  the  fall  of  the  Whigs  in  1710,  Addison  lost  his  sec- 
retaryship. In  a  letter  to  a  friend,  written  in  1711,  he  said 
that  within  twelve  months  he  had  lost  a  place  of  ^2000  a 
year  and  an  estate  in  the  Indies  of  ^"14,000.  The  accession 
of  George  I.,  which  restored  the  Whigs  to  power,  brought 


INTRODUCTION.  XV 

him  again  into  political  life.  Several  positions  of  trust  were 
given  him-,  and  finally,  in  1717,  —  a  year  after  his  marriage 
with  the  Countess  of  Warwick,  —  he  was  made  one  of  the 
secretaries  of  state.  In  eleven  months  he  retired  on  account 
of  ill  health,  with  a  pension  of  £1500  a  year. 

Although  hampered  by  physical  weakness  he  still  kept  up 
his  interest  in  political  affairs,  and  in  1719  he  entered  actively 
into  the  controversy  over  the  Peerage  Bill.  His  strong  feel- 
ing in  regard  to  the  bill  resulted  in  a  circumstance  that  must 
always  cause  pain  to  the  readers  of  the  Spectator,  namely, 
his  estrangement  from  his  old  friend  Steele.  The  latter 
from  conscientious  motives  voted,  in  opposition  to  his  party, 
against  a  bill  which,  historians  now  believe,  would  have  been 
most  pernicious  in  its  effects.  Addison  died  so  soon  after 
the  controversy  that  there  was  no  opportunity  for  a  recon- 
ciliation. 

As  we  look  through  the  volumes  containing  the  works  of 
Addison,  we  realize  that  his  interest  did  not  lie  wholly  in 
state  matters.  Two  years  after  his  return  from  the  conti- 
nent, he  published  his  Remarks  on  Several  Parts  of  Italy, 
and  the  following  year,  in  1705,  his  opera,  Rosamond,  was 
brought  out.  This,  by  the  way,  was  an  unsuccessful  venture. 
When  Steele  began  his  Tatler,  in  1709,  Addison  became  a 
frequent  contributor,  and  his  work  in  the  Spectator,  which 
followed  in  1711,  was  of  still  greater  importance.  His  fame 
as  a  writer  rests  chiefly  upon  the  essays  in  these  two  period- 
icals. He  contributed  articles  to  the  Guardian,  the  successor 
of  the  Spectator,  and  in  June,  1714,  he  began  without  Steele 
a  new  series  of  the  Spectator,  which  was  published  three 
times  a  week  until  December.  His  three  periodicals  —  the 
Whig  Examiner,  the  Freeholder,  and  the  Old  Whig — were 
political  papers. 

Great  contemporary  fame  came  to  Addison  from  his  play 
of  Cato,  acted  at  Drury  Lane  in  April,  1713.  This  drama, 


XVI  INTRODUCTION. 

which  was  written  according  to  French  canons,  contained 
such  fine  phrases  about  liberty  that  it  was  claimed  by 
both  Whigs  and  Tories.  Pope  wrote  an  eloquent  prologue, 
and  Swift,  after  a  long  period  of  estrangement,  attended  a 
rehearsal.  A  comedy,  The  Drummer,  acted  in  17 15,  was  un- 
successful. This  work  marks  the  close  of  Addison's  purely 
literary  activity,  his  later  writings  being  political  in  character. 
After  his  retirement  from  office  in  1718,  his  health  con- 
tinued to  fail,  and  he  died  on  the  i7th  of  June,  1719.  The 
same  spirit  that  had  made  him  so  attractive  while  he  was  in 
the  full  enjoyment  of  his  powers  characterized  him  to  the 
very  end.  Even  when  he  was  on  his  deathbed,  his  chief 
concern  was  for  others  rather  than  for  himself.  Believing 
that  he  had  once,  in  connection  with  some  almost  forgotten 
matter,  injured  Gay,  he  sent  for  him  and  begged  his  forgive- 
ness ;  and  calling  for  his  stepson  Warwick  just  before  his 
end,  he  said,  —  "  See  in  what  peace  a  Christian  can  die." 

STEELE. 

Richard  Steele  —  properly  Sir  Richard  Steele  —  has  been 
better  loved  and  oftener  misrepresented  than  almost  any 
other  English  writer.  The  temptation  to  paint  him  as  the 
exact  opposite  of  Addison,  has  in  most  cases  proved  too 
strong  to  enable  his  biographers  to  deal  fairly  with  his  char- 
acter. Thackeray's  fascinating  account  in  his  English  Hu- 
mourists, the  most  popular  sketch  of  Steele,  while  correct  in 
certain  details,  is  on  the  whole  misleading.  One  who  desires 
to  form  a  just  estimate  of  this  interesting  man  should  read 
Mr.  Aitken's  careful  biography  or  the  short  but  sympathetic 
"life  "  by  Mr.  Austin  Dobson. 

Steele  was  born  in  Dublin  in  March,  1672.  He  was, 
consequently,  something  less  than  two  months  older  than 
Addison.  Of  his  family  little  is  known.  Unfortunately 


INTRODUCTION.  xviv 

he  lost  both  parents  at  an  early  age  :  his  father,  who  was 
a  solicitor,  died  when  he  was  about  five  years  old,  and  his 
mother  not  long  after.  In  later  years  he  speaks  of  his 
mother  as  "a  very  beautiful  woman,  of  a  noble  spirit." 
In  his  uncle,  Henry  Gascoigne,  secretary  to  the  Duke  of 
Ormond,  the  boy  found  a  kind  guardian.  At  the  age  of 
twelve  he  was  sent  to  the  Charterhouse  School  in  London  ; 
and  two  years  later,  on  Addison's  arrival,  the  friendship 
between  the  two  boys  began. 

Steele  entered  Oxford  when  seventeen,  but  did  not  finish 
his  course  there.  Mr.  Aitken  remarks :  "  Steele  left  Oxford 
without  taking  a  degree,  which  was  not  at  all  unusual  at  the 
time,  but  we  are  told  that  he  took  with  him  the  love  of  the 
whole  society." 

Having  a  desire  to  try  the  life  of  a  soldier,  he  enlisted 
in  1694  as  a  private  in  the  Duke  of  Ormond's  regiment  of 
Guards,  and  remained  in  the  army  for  twelve  years.  In 
1700  he  became  Captain  Steele. 

His  military  duties  do  not  seem  to  have  interfered  with 
his  development  as  a  writer ;  for  his  first  promotion  was  due 
to  a  patriotic  poem,  The  Procession,  composed  just  after  the 
death  of  Queen  Mary,  in  1695,  and  dedicated  to  Lord  Cutts. 
He  was  rewarded  by  an  ensign's  commission  in  that  lord's 
regiment,  and  soon  after  became  his  secretary.  His  Christian 
Hero,  a  little  book  published  in  1701,  was  designed,  he  after- 
wards informs  his  readers,  to  "  fix  upon  his  own  mind  a  strong 
impression  of  virtue  and  religion  in  opposition  to  a  stronger 
propensity  towards  unwarrantable  pleasures."  Mr.  Aitken 
justly  remarks :  "  We  must  remember  that  the  standard  of 
morality  was  low  even  among  those  who  considered  them- 
selves on  a  higher  moral  level  than  Steele,  and  that  his  ideal 
was  far  above  that  of  most  of  his  contemporaries."  Find- 
ing that  his  friends  failed  to  understand  his  attitude  in  the 
Christian  Hero,  and  that  they  were  inclined  to  accuse  him  of 


xvill  INTRODUCTION. 

posing  as  a  moralist,  he  produced  not  long  after  a  comedy, 
The  Funeral,  which  was  intended  to  "enliven  his  character." 
His  third  play,  The  Tender  Husband,  acted  after  Addison's 
return  from  the  continent,  was  dedicated  to  his  friend,  who, 
besides  writing  the  prologue,  contributed  "  many  applauded 
strokes."  The  author  says  :  "  My  purpose  in  this  application 
is  only  to  show  the  esteem  I  have  for  you,  and  that  I  look 
upon  my  intimacy  with  you  as  one  of  the  most  valuable 
enjoyments  of  my  life." 

Immediately  after  the  production  of  his  play  Steele  mar- 
ried, but  his  wife  died  in  a  little  over  a  year.  In  1707  he 
married  as  a  second  wife  a  Welsh  lady,  Mary  Scurlock,  the 
"  Dear  Prue  "  to  whom  he  wrote  so  many  interesting  notes 
and  letters.  Before  his  second  marriage  he  left  the  army, 
and  the  following  year,  in  1707,  he  was  made  Gazetteer,  at 
a  salary  of  ^300  a  year  (less  a  tax  of  ^45).  As  the  Gazette 
was  the  official  organ  of  the  government,  the  position  — 
which  he  held  for  several  years  —  must  have  required  tact 
and  judgment. 

The  fact  that  Steele  was  a  sincere  patriot  rather  than 
a  successful  politician  is  illustrated  by  his  experience  as  a 
member  of  Parliament.  He  gave  up  several  lucrative  posi- 
tions in  order  to  become  a  member,  but  was  expelled  from 
the  House  of  Commons  —  a  Tory  house  —  before  the  end  of 
his  first  year.  The  publication  of  his  Crisis,  and  a  bitter 
attack  by  Swift,  were  the  causes  that  led  to  this  result.  When 
the  Whigs  came  into  power  on  the  accession  of  George  I.,  he 
again  entered  Parliament,  and  the  following  year  he  was 
knighted.  His  manly  stand  in  the  controversy  over  the 
Peerage  Bill  in  1719  resulted  in  the  loss  of  the  patent  which 
constituted  him  manager  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  This  cir- 
cumstance marks  the  close  of  his  political  career. 

It  is  chiefly  because  of  the  Tatler  and  the  Spectator  that 
Steele  occupies  an  important  place  in  English  literature. 


INTRODUCTION.  XIX 

After  the  Spectator  was  discontinued  he  published  the  Guard- 
ian, which  was  followed  by  the  Englishman,  a  political  paper. 
Later  still  came  two  short-lived  periodicals,  —  the  Lover  and 
the  Reader, —  and  a  compilation  entitled  The  Ladies  Library. 
The  best  of  his  political  pamphlets  was  his  Apology  for 
Himself  and  His  Writings.  The  Conscious  Lovers,  his  most 
successful  play,  was  produced  in  1722;  this  was  his  latest 
literary  effort. 

Steele  had  always  found  it  difficult  to  meet  his  expenses, 
and  his  closing  years,  which  were  spent  in  Carmarthenshire, 
Wales,  were  troubled  by  money  difficulties  and  ill  health. 
Before  the  end,  however,  his  debts  had  all  been  paid. 

His  biographer  says  :  "The  last  glimpse  we  have  of  him 
comes  from  the  actor  Benjamin  Victor,  who  had  sought  from 
him  an  introduction  to  Walpole :  '  I  was  told  he  retained 
his  cheerful  sweetness  of  temper  to  the  last,  and  would 
often  be  carried  out  on  a  summer's  evening,  when  the  coun- 
try lads  and  lasses  were  assembled  at  their  rural  sports,  and 
with  his  pencil,  give  an  order  on  his  agent,  the  mercer,  for 
a  new  gown  to  the  best  dancer.'  "  He  died  in  September, 
1729. 

BUDGELL. 

Of  Eustace  Budgell  little  need  be  said,  since  his  work  is 
of  small  importance.  Through  the  influence  of  Addison, 
who  was  his  cousin,  he  obtained  several  positions  of  trust; 
but  in  later  years  his  character  deteriorated,  and  finally,  in 
1737,  he  drowned  himself  in  the  Thames.  As  a  writer  he 
was  an  imitator  of  Addison,  and  besides  other. works,  he 
wrote  a  number  of  papers  for  the  Spectator. 


INTRO  D  UCTION. 


IV.     JOURNALISM   AND  PARTY    LITERATURE. 

The  facts  just  stated  make  us  realize  that  the  life  of  the 
literary  man  of  the  so-called  "  Augustan  Age  "  in  England 
was  a  life  of  political  and  social  importance.  Almost  every 
writer  of  note  —  for  Pope  must  be  excepted  —  was  at  some 
time  during  his  career  the  mouthpiece  of  a  party.  Swift, 
the  most  truly  original  genius  of  them  all,  was  always  a 
stanch  defender  of  the  national  church  and,  except  during 
the  first  few  years  of  his  public  life,  a  zealous  Tory.  Defoe, 
now  known  chiefly  as  the  author  of  Robinson  Crusoe,  was  an 
indefatigable  pamphleteer  and  journalist,  on  the  side  of  the 
Liberals.  The  age  of  Queen  Anne  was  preeminently  an  age 
of  party  literature  :  besides  party  pamphlets  and  newspapers 
there  were  party  poems,  party  sermons,  party  plays;  and  in 
the  case  of  Addison's  Cafe,  a  play  claimed  by  both  Whigs 
and  Tories  at  once. 

This  literary  activity  could  not  have  existed  had  it  not 
been  for  the  recently  acquired  liberty  of  the  press.  In  1695 
Parliament  failed  to  appoint  the  usual  licenser,  without  whose 
leave  no  book  or  newspaper  might  be  published.  Before 
this,  the  discussion  of  public  matters  had  been  left  for  the 
most  part  to  those  who  were  sufficiently  daring  or  sufficiently 
unprincipled  to  disregard  the  law.  Since  the  press  was  no 
longer  fettered,  the  best  intellects  were  free  to  express  them- 
selves on  all  matters  of  general  interest,  and  party  leaders 
eagerly  sought  the  services  of  writers  who  could  gain  the  ear 
of  the  people.  The  writer  on  political  subjects  had  at  that 
time  an  unusual  advantage  over  the  orator,  when  it  came  to 
influencing  public  opinion,  because  speeches  made  in  Parlia- 
ment were  not,  as  now,  printed  and  circulated. 


INTRODUCTION. 


V.    THE    TATLER   AND   SPECTATOR  AND    THEIR 
PREDECESSORS. 

There  were  so  many  newspapers  and  pamphlets  published 
during  the  early  years  of  Queen  Anne's  reign,  that  one  might 
suppose  the  literary  needs  of  the  community  to  have  been 
sufficiently  provided  for.  These,  however,  were  in  almost 
every  instance  written  for  a  special  class  of  persons,  and 
owed  their  success  to  the  fact  that  they  appealed  to  the  reli- 
gious or  political  prejudices  of  their  subscribers.  The  Tatler 
and  the  Spectator,  on  the  other  hand,  were  distinctively  liter- 
ary periodicals ;  the  Tatler  rarely  discussed  political  ques- 
tions, the  Spectator  ignored  them  completely.  Before  these 
productions  appeared,  there  were  a  few  publications  that 
provided  matters  of  social  and  literary  interest,  and  these 
may  be  regarded  as  in  a  certain  sense  their  predecessors. 
One  of  these  was  John  Dunton's  Athenian  Mercury,  begun  in 
1690,  which  contained  questions  to  the  editor  on  a  great 
variety  of  subjects,  and  furnished  appropriate  answers ;  but 
if  any  paper  might  be  called  the  true  predecessor  of  Steele's 
Tatler,  it  was  Defoe's  Weekly  Rariew  of  the  Affairs  of  France, 
the  first  number  of  which  was  given  to  the  public  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1704.  This  paper  had  a  department  called,  at  one 
time,  Advice  from  the  Scandalous  Club.  Speaking  of  this 
department,  Defoe  remarked,  in  1710:  "When  first  this 
paper  appeared  in  the  world,  I  erected  a  court  of  justice  for 
the  censuring  and  exposing  of  vice  ;  .  .  .  but  tired  with  the 
mass  of  filth,  the  stench  of  which  was  hardly  to  be  endured, 
I  laid  aside  the  Herculean  labors  for  a  while,  and  am  glad 
to  see  the  society  honored  by  the  succession  in  those  just 
endeavors  of  the  venerable  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  Esq." 

When  Defoe  made  these  remarks,  the  Tatler,  which  was 
published  three  times  a  week,  had  been  running  nearly  a 


xxii  INTRODUCTION. 

year.  The  name,  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  which  Steele  assumed 
when  he  began  his  periodical,  had  been  already  made  famous 
by  Swift,  who  used  it  in  a  pamphlet  in  which  he  made  a 
humorous  attack  upon  John  Partridge,  the  compiler  of  an 
astrological  almanac.  According  to  Steele,  his  paper  was 
intended  to  "  gratify  the  curiosity  of  persons  of  all  conditions 
and  of  each  sex  "  ;  and  the  general  purpose  of  the  writers 
was  "  to  expose  the  false  arts  of  life,  to  pull  off  the  dis- 
guises of  cunning,  vanity,  and  affectation,  and  to  recom- 
mend a  general  simplicity  in  our  dress,  our  discourse,  and 
our  behavior."  The  Tatler  reached  271  numbers.  Of  these 
Steele  wrote  about  188,  Addison  42,  and  36  were  the  result 
of  their  joint  labors.  It  was  probably  discontinued  because 
certain  articles  dealing  with  political  questions  had  given 
offence  to  persons  of  influence. 

The  last  number  of  the  Tatler  was  published  January  2, 
1711,  and  the  first  number  of  the  Spectator  came  out  on  the 
first  day  of  March,  in  the  same. year.  This  paper,  which 
was  given  to  the  public  every  day  except  Sunday,  consisted 
of  a  single  sheet,  and  contained  one  essay  and  a  number  of 
advertisements.  If  the  essay  were  unusually  brief,  letters 
from  real  or  supposed  correspondents,  or  answers  to  such 
communications,  were  inserted.  The  original  series  ended 
with  No.  555,  published  December  6,  1712.  The  continua- 
tion by  Addison,  which  was  published  in  1714,  is  included 
in  complete  editions  of  the  Spectator,  Of  the  555  numbers 
of  the  original  periodical,  Addison  wrote  274,  Steele  236, 
and  the  remaining  45  were  contributed  by  different  persons, 
Budgell  being  one.  In  the  tenth  number  Addison  remarked 
that  the  sale  had  reached  3000  copies  a  day ;  and  doubtless 
the  sale  increased  until  August,  1712,  when  a  tax  of  a  half- 
penny reduced  the  number  to  something  over  1600  copies  a 
day.  Addison  estimated  that,  on  an  average,  each  copy 
was  read  by  twenty  persons.  These  facts  are  important 


INTRODUCTION.  xxiii 

because  they  help  us  to  understand  why  it  was  that  this  pub- 
lication had  such  an  important  influence  in  moulding  public 
opinion. 

VI.     THE   PUBLIC   TO  WHICH   THE   SPECTATOR 
APPEALED. 

The  success  of  the  Spectator,  and  of  the  Tatler  as  well, 
was  due  in  large  measure  to  the  fact  that  its  projectors  sus- 
pected the  existence  of  a  hitherto  undiscovered  public ;  in 
fact,  it  may  be  said  that  they  created  their  own  public.  In 
an  age  of  bitter  social  prejudices  they  had  the  wisdom  to 
discern  the  fact  that  in  every  class  there  were  moderate,  fair- 
minded  persons,  who  would  be  interested  in  social  and  liter- 
ary questions,  and  who  would  welcome  any  well-directed 
effort  toward  improving  the  morals  of  the  community.  They 
realized,  too,  that  in  every  class  there  were  those  who  needed 
entertainment,  and  who  could  be  entertained  only  by  what 
was  morally  pure.  Above  all,  they  conceived  the  idea  of  a 
public  composed  largely  of  women. 

It  is  interesting  to  picture  the  different  readers  of  the 
Spectator.  We  see  the  paper  in  the  hands  of  men  of  fashion 
as  they  stroll  about  the  narrow,  dirty  streets  of  London,  in 
their  powdered  wigs  and  their  velvet  knee  breeches ;  we  find 
it  in  the  coffee-houses,  where  knots  of  eager  politicians  discuss 
the  newest  move  of  the  party  in  power ;  fine  ladies  —  Queen 
Anne  at  their  head  —  order  it  brought  with  their  tea  at  break- 
fast; the  merchant  reads  it  after  the  hours  of  business;  and 
even  the  country  squire,  who  hunts  often  and  reads  seldom, 
welcomes  the  little  sheet. 

As  the  fashionable  man  reads  he  finds  that  men  who  are 
familiar  with  life  in  its  various  aspects,  men  who  have  plenty 
of  worldly  wisdom,  condemn  his  vicious  habits ;  and  for  the 
first  time,  very  likely,  he  listens  respectfully  while  his  beset- 


xxiv  INTRODUCTION. 

ting  sins  —  gaming,  brutal  pastimes,  immorality  of  all  kinds 
—  are  severely  censured.  He  listens  because  the  moralist  is 
both  witty  and  wise  ;  and  after  a  while  he  begins  to  suspect 
that  a  man  may  lead  a  pure  life  without  being  a  stiff-necked 
Puritan  ;  that  he  may  be  a  gentleman  and  still  control  his 
appetites. 

The  Dissenter,  as  he  reads,  sees  that  men  who  insist  upon 
the  highest  moral  standards  at  the  same  time  favor  innocent 
amusements.  His  own  narrow  views  are  lightly  but  kindly 
ridiculed,  and  persons  that  he  has  always  condemned  as  friv- 
olous and  sinful  are  painted  in  such  a  way  that  he  is  forced 
to  admire  them.  Indeed,  it  may  safely  be  asserted  that  many 
a  rigid  Dissenter  sincerely  mourned  when  he  read  of  the 
death  of  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley. 

It  is  difficult  for  us  who  live  in  these  days  of  railways 
and  telegraphs  to  picture  to  ourselves  the  isolated  life  of  the 
women  of  the  eighteenth  century.  Those  living  even  a  short 
distance  out  of  London  found  it  impossible  to  get  about  ex- 
cept when  the  roads — which  were  always  bad  —  were  in  their 
best  condition  ;  and  when  they  did  venture  out,  they  must,  if 
they  were  women  of  position,  be  accompanied  by  a  train  of 
servants.  The  wives  and  daughters  of  country  gentlemen 
had  not  learned  to  find  enjoyment  in  reading,  for  there  were 
few  books  that  a  refined  woman  could  read  with  pleasure. 
She  must  choose  between  coarse  novels  or  plays  and  pon- 
derous works  on  moral  and  religious  subjects. 

We  can  picture  a  group  of  these  country  ladies,  listening 
as  they  sew,  while  one  of  their  number  reads  aloud  from  the 
Spectator.  For  the  first  time  they  are  brought  into  contact 
with  the  busy  life  and  the  intellectual  activity  of  the  metrop- 
olis. It  is  because  of  these  little  groups  of  women,  John 
Richard  Green  affirms,  that  "  we  find  ourselves  in  presence 
of  a  new  literature,  of  a  literature  more  really  popular  than 
England  had  ever  seen,  a  literature  not  only  of  the  street, 


INTRODUCTION.  xxv 

the  pulpit,  the  tavern,  and  the  stage,  but  which  had  pene- 
trated within  the  very  precincts  of  the  home." 

AND   STEELE  AS   WRItERS   OF  THE 
SPECTATOR. 


ITER! 


Addison's  work  in  the  De  Coverley  Papers  is,  for  the  most 
part,  so  much  better  than  Steele's  that  in  reading  these 
essays  we  are  likely  to  underestimate  the  importance  of 
Steele  as  a  writer.  Indeed,  Addison's  strokes  are  so  fine 
that  we  almost  regret  the  coarser  touch  of  the  other  artists. 
Nevertheless,  it  should  always  be  remembered  that  Steele  was 
the  originator  of  both  the  Tatler  and  the  Spectator,  and  that 
h.ul  it  not  been  for  his  enterprising  spirit  and  his  generous 
nature,  we  might  not  have  had  a  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley. 

In  the  preface  to  the  collected  edition  of  the  Tatler,  speak- 
ing of  Addison  and  himself,  Steele  says :  "I  fared  like  a  dis- 
tressed prince,  who  calls  in  a  powerful  neighbor  to  his  aid ; 
I  was  undone  by  my  auxiliary ;  when  I  had  called  him  in  I 
could  not  subsist  without  dependence  on  him."  In  No.  532 
of  the  Spectator  he  remarks :  "  I  claim  to  myself  the  merit 
of  having  extorted  excellent  production  from  a  person  of  the 
greatest  abilities,  who  would  not  have  let  them  appear  by  any 
other  means."  Whatever  else  may  be  said  of  the  two  ver- 
satile writers,  Addison  and  Steele,  it  is  undoubtedly  true  that, 
as  essayists,  their  success  was  owing  in  great  part  to  the  fact 
that  they  worked  together,  and  that  each  supplemented  the 
other. 

VIII.     CHARACTERISTICS   OF  QUEEN   ANNE 
LITERATURE. 

The  age  of  Queen  Anne  has  often  been  called  an  age  of 
prose.  Tired  of  the  vagaries  indulged  in  by  the  successors 
of  the  Elizabethans,  the  public  demanded  works  character- 


XXVI  INTRODUCTION. 

ized  by  common  sense  and  practical  utility,  and  delighted  in 
a  literary  form  that  combined  clearness  and  elegance.  The 
higher  efforts  of  imaginative  genius  were  lost  upon  them  : 
they  could  not  feel  the  beauties  of  Shakespeare  and  Milton. 
Keen  satire,  delicate  fancy,  delightful  humor,  skill  in  narra- 
tion, —  these  we  find  in  the  best  writers  of  the  age ;  but  it 
is  safe  to  say  that  not  one  of  them — Swift,  Pope,  Defoe, 
Berkeley,  Addison,  or  Steele  — has  left  a  line  that  is  inspired 
by  a  highly  poetic  imagination.  This  was  a  period  when  men 
looked  about  them  and  wrote  of  life  as  it  appeared  on  the 
surface  —  of  political  life,  of  club  life,  of  the  life  of  men 
and  women  in  society.  A  Lear,  an  Othello,  would  have 
been  out  of  place  in  this  era  of  common  sense ;  instead  of 
great  characters  moved  by  strong  passions,  we  have  Robinson 
Crusoe,  Gulliver,  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  —  persons  that  live 
in  an  everyday  world  and  meet  us  on  our  own  level.  Human 
nature  had  not  changed,  life  had  not  become  superficial  and 
prosaic,  but  the  taste  of  the  age  demanded  that  passion  and 
romance  should  be  ignored. 


IX.     LITERARY  QUALITIES  OF  THE   SIR   ROGER   DE 
COVERLEY    PAPERS. 

We  find  in  the  Sir  Roger  de  Coverley  Papers  many  of  the 
best  characteristics  of  the  literature  of  this  "Augustan 
Age":  wit,  wisdom,  satire,  humor,  and  always  —  especially 
in  Addison's  papers  —  careful  attention  to  form.  Indeed, 
the  style,  though  it  is  now  a  little  antiquated,  is  so  good  that 
we  hardly  think  of  it.  The  form  suits  the  thought;  it  is 
never  obtrusive ;  the  language  is  the  language  of  conversa- 
tion raised  to  the  level  of  art.  This  is  why  Dr.  Johnson  said 
that  he  who  would  form  a  good  style  should  give  his  days 
and  his  nights  to  the  study  of  Addison.  What  delights  us 
most  of  all  in  these  papers,  however,  is  the  kindly  humor  that 


INTRODUCTION.  xxvil 

plays  over  every  page ;  a  humor  so  subtle,  so  all-pervasive, 
that  some  may  fail  to  detect  it.  It  is  this  that  makes  us 
care  for  the  old  knight ;  that  arouses  our  sympathy  for  Will 
Wimble,  even  while  we  laugh  at  him :  it  is  this,  above  all, 
that  attracts  us  to  the  writers  of  these  papers ;  for  it  makes 
us  realize  that  while  they  felt  keenly  the  moral  evils  of  their 
time,  they  could  still  love  and  pity  their  fellow  men. 

X.     THE  SPECTATOR  IN  ITS    RELATION   TO   ENGLISH 
LIFE   AND   ENGLISH   LITERATURE. 

As  we  review  the  conditions  under  which  the  Spectator 
was  produced  and  become  aware  of  the  influence  that  it 
exerted,  we  see  that  it  should  not  be  judged  as  a  purely  lit- 
erary work ;  and  what  is  true  of  the  periodical  as  a  whole, 
is  true,  though  in  a  less  degree,  of  the  papers  relating  to  Sir 
Roger  de  Coverley.  The  writers  of  these  essays  had  a 
practical  end  in  view.  Their  aim  is  well  expressed  by  Addi- 
son,  when  he  says  :  "  It  was  said  of  Socrates  that  he  brought 
philosophy  down  from  heaven  to  inhabit  among  men ;  and 
I  shall  be  ambitious  to  have  it  said  of  me  that  I  have  brought 
philosophy  out  of  closets  and  libraries,  schools  and  colleges, 
to  dwell  in  clubs  and  assemblies,  at  tea  tables  and  in  coffee- 
houses." While  accomplishing  this  object,  the  writers  of 
the  Spectator  introduced  a  style  of  literature  that  has  been 
widely  imitated,  in  other  countries  as  well  as  in  their  own, 
and  that  has  not  yet  lost  popular  favor.  They  first  taught 
the  English  public  to  look  upon  reading  as  a  daily  enjoy- 
ment, not  as  a  rare  exercise ;  and  although  their  treatment 
of  many  subjects  was  necessarily  superficial,  they  enlarged 
the  horizon  and  stimulated  the  curiosity  of  thousands  of 
persons  living  in  all  parts  of  England,  and  thus  softened 
the  prejudices  and  raised  the  moral  and  intellectual  stand- 
ards of  the  community  as  a  whole. 


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